![]() WM correlates substantially with measures of intelligence (e.g., and also predicts a range of salient life outcomes such as reading comprehension, domain expertise and academic achievement. According to this model, WM contains four components: the phonological loop (a slave subsystem that stores verbal information), the visuospatial sketchpad (visuospatial working memory, VSWM a slave subsystem that stores and manipulates visuospatial information), the episodic buffer (a mechanism for multimodal information exchange between WM and other types of memory, e.g., long-term memory) and the central executive (which enables attentional focus, manipulation, and decision-making). To date, one of the most influential WM models is the multi-component model which describes WM as a limited capacity system that enables the temporary storage and manipulation of information. Several theoretical WM frameworks have been presented in the literature, including the embedded-processes model the biologically based model the attention control model and the time-based resource-sharing model. WM has also been described as a “cognitive primitive”, which constrains the acquisition and deployment of most intellectual abilities. ![]() More recently, it has been described as the “brain’s conductor”, because of its vital role in human learning. The term working memory (WM) first appeared in Miller, Galanter, and Pribham where the authors described it as a storage system “where plans can be retained temporarily when they are being formed, or transformed, or executed”. The corresponding URL is: Data from Studies 3 and 4 are still only available upon request to Yulia Kovas ( or to Ethics committee of the Tomsk State University ( or Daniel Müllensiefen - There is no grant number - Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Foundation Maxim Likhanov - There is no grant number - ITMO Fellowship and Professorship Program Yulia Kovas -There is no grant number - Sirius University The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The DOI for the data from studies 1 and 2 is: 10.17605/OSF.IO/CN4T9. Received: JAccepted: DecemPublished: January 27, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Tsigeman et al. PLoS ONE 17(1):Įditor: David Giofrè, Liverpool John Moores University, UNITED KINGDOM (2022) The Jack and Jill Adaptive Working Memory Task: Construction, Calibration and Validation. The findings suggest that JaJ is an efficient and reliable measure of VSWM from adolescent to adult age.Ĭitation: Tsigeman E, Silas S, Frieler K, Likhanov M, Gelding R, Kovas Y, et al. JaJ showed sufficient internal consistency and concurrent validity as indicated by significant and substantial correlations with established measures of working memory, spatial ability, non-verbal intelligence, and academic achievement. Finally, the adaptive version of the JaJ task was implemented on the basis of the underlying IRT model and evaluated with another sample of Russian adolescents (Study 4, N = 239). Subsequently, a static version of the task was tested for validity and reliability using a sample of adults from the UK and Australia (Study 2, N = 148) and a sample of Russian adolescents (Study 3, N = 263). The Jack and Jill (JaJ) VSWM task was constructed using explanatory item response modelling of data from a sample of the general adult population (Study 1, N = 244) in the UK and US. We aimed to overcome the limitations of previous instruments and provide researchers with a valid and freely available VSWM measurement tool. We sought to extend this work using Item Response Theory (IRT) and Computerised Adaptive Testing (CAT) frameworks to construct, calibrate and validate a new adaptive, computerised, and open-source VSWM test. Recently, a number of reliable measures of VSWM have been developed to help understand psychological processes and for practical use in education. Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is essential to human cognitive abilities and is associated with important life outcomes such as academic performance.
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